Conditional Probabilities, Independent Events And Odds
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Expressions Of Pj Problems
Conditional Probabilities, Independent Events And Odds

Conditional Probabilities

A bag contains 12 balls (4 reds, 3 blues, 3 blacks, 2 greens) as indicated in Figure 118.4.
(a) Determine the probability of choosing a second blue ball from the bag given that the first ball chosen from the same bag is blue.
(b) Suppose there is a second bag containing 12 balls (4 reds, 3 blues, 3 blacks, 2 greens). Determine the probability of choosing a second blue ball from the second bag given that the first ball chosen from the first bag is blue.
(c) Determine the probability of choosing at least one blue ball, given both bags.
(d) What are the odds in favor of throwing a head in a single throw of a coin?
(e) What are the odds in favor of throwing at least one head on a single throw of two coins?

The strings: S7P6A64 (Grouping - Multi-criteria).

The math:
Pj Problem of Interest is of type grouping (multi-criteria). Grouping is at the heart of statistics. The grouping may be permutational or combinational, single criterion or multi-criteria grouping.

Probabilities - The Likelihood Of Events

Formulas of Interest
Consider two independent events A and B with probabilities of occurrence P[A] and P[B] respectively.
Probability of both A and B occurring is P[A∩B]:
P[A∩B] = P[AB] = P[A] x P[B] -------(1)
Probability of either A or B occuring is P[A∪B]:
P[A∪B] = P[A+B] = P[A] + P[B] - P[A∩B] --------(2)

If the occurrence of A is dependent on the occurrence of B
Conditional Probability of B occurring given that A has occurred is P[B|A]:
P[B|A] = P[AB]/P[A] = (P[A] x P[B])/P[A] -------(3)

Odds means the ratio of the probability in favor of an event to the probability against the event.

(a) Let P[A] = probability first ball chosen from the bag is blue
Then, P[A] = 3/12 = 1/4
Let probability of choosing a second blue ball from the bag given that the first ball chosen from the same bag is blue be P[B|A]
Then conditional probabily, P[B|A] = 2/12 = 1/6.

(b) Let event G = first ball from first bag is blue
So, P[G] = 3/12
Let event H = second ball from second bag is blue
So, P[H] = 3/12
G and H are independent
So, P[GH] = (3/12) x (3/12) = 1/16.

(c) Probability of least one blue ball is P[A∪B]:
P[A∪B]= P[A+B] = P[A] + P[B] - P[A∩B] = 1/4 + 1/4 - 1/16 = 7/16.

(d) Possibilities: H, T. Where H is head and T is tail.
So, probability in favor of a head in one throw of a coin = 1/2
Probability against = 1/2
So odds = (1/2)/(1/2) = 1.

(e) Possibilities: TT, TH, HT, HH
So, probability in favor of at least one head in a single throw of two coins = 3/4
Probability against = 1/4
So, odds = (3/4)/(1/4) = 3/1 = 3:1.

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