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Water, like other matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas. Each of these states has its equilibrium conditions that are affected by changes in their environments (e.g. change in temperature, pressure, concentration, etc). In 1884, Henri Louis Le Chatelier discovered an equilibrium principle that became known as Le Chatelier's Principle
(a) State Le Chatelier's Principle.
(b) What is implied if liquid water and ice is in equilibrium?
(c) Figure 14.7 is the inside of a thermos from a top view. It shows water and ice in equilibrium at 0oC. What will happen to the water-ice equilibrium in the thermos if a 100oC copper penny is dropped into the thermos?
(d) What will happen if instead of dropping the hot penny as in (c), a cold penny at -100C is dropped into the thermos?
(e) Why is it difficult to skate in very cold ice (temperature very much below 0oC)?
The strings:
S7P7A72 (equilibrium-dynamic).
The math:
Pj Problem of Interest is of type equilibrium (equilibrium-dynamic).
(a) Le Chatelier's Principle: If stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system will tend to readjust so that the stress is reduced.
(b) At equilibrium, there is no net change as a consequence of their interaction. H2O (l) <-----> H2O (cr).
(c) The hot penny will loose heat and the heat it lost will be absorbed by the water-ice mixture. Some ice will melt until the system (water-ice mixture, penny) is returned to the equilibrium temperature of 0oC. This readjusted equilibrium will have more water and less ice.
(d) The cold penny will absorb heat from the water-ice mixture until the system (water-ice mixture, penny) is returned to the equilibrium temperature of 0oC. This readjusted equilibrium will have more ice than water because some of the water became ice.
(e)
Easy skating on ice requires a critical range of thickness of the layer of water on the surface of the ice. A thin layer (below the lower bound of the critical thickness range) of water on the surface of the ice causes insufficient slickness on the surface of ice. Consequently, friction between the skate and the ice is higher than required for easy skating.
The point . is a mathematical abstraction. It has negligible size and a great sense of position. Consequently, it is front and center in abstract existential reasoning.
Derivation Of The Area Of A Circle, A Sector Of A Circle And A Circular Ring
Derivation Of The Area Of A Trapezoid, A Rectangle And A Triangle
Derivation Of The Area Of An Ellipse
Derivation Of Volume Of A Cylinder
Derivation Of Volume Of A Sphere
Derivation Of Volume Of A Cone
Derivation Of Volume Of A Torus
Derivation Of Volume Of A Paraboloid
Volume Obtained By Revolving The Curve y = x2 About The X Axis
Single Variable Functions
Absolute Value Functions
Conics
Real Numbers
Vector Spaces
Equation Of The Ascent Path Of An Airplane
Calculating Capacity Of A Video Adapter Board Memory
Probability Density Functions
Boolean Algebra - Logic Functions
Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs)
Infinite Sequences And Series
Introduction To Group Theory
Advanced Calculus - Partial Derivatives
Advanced Calculus - General Charateristics Of Partial Differential Equations
Advanced Calculus - Jacobians
Advanced Calculus - Solving PDEs By The Method Of Separation Of Variables
Advanced Calculus - Fourier Series
Advanced Calculus - Multiple Integrals
Production Schedule That Maximizes Profit Given Constraint Equation
Separation Of Variables As Solution Method For Homogeneous Heat Flow Equation
Newton And Fourier Cooling Laws Applied To Heat Flow Boundary Conditions
Fourier Series
Derivation Of Heat Equation For A One-Dimensional Heat Flow
Homogenizing-Non-Homogeneous-Time-Varying-IBVP-Boundary-Condition
The Universe is composed of matter and radiant energy. Matter is any kind of mass-energy that moves with velocities less than the velocity of light. Radiant energy is any kind of mass-energy that moves with the velocity of light.
Periodic Table
Composition And Structure Of Matter
How Matter Gets Composed
How Matter Gets Composed (2)
Molecular Structure Of Matter
Molecular Shapes: Bond Length, Bond Angle
Molecular Shapes: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
Molecular Shapes: Orbital Hybridization
Molecular Shapes: Sigma Bonds Pi Bonds
Molecular Shapes: Non ABn Molecules
Molecular Orbital Theory
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